Identifying changes in the reproduction number, rate of spread, and doubling time during the course of the COVID-19 outbreak whilst accounting for potential biases due to delays in case reporting both nationally and subnationally.
Figure 1: Map of the expected change in daily cases
Figure 2: Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation and the time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (bar = 95% credible interval). Countries/Regions are ordered by the number of expected daily cases and shaded based on the expected change in daily cases. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control and a single case required fror elimination.
Figure 3: Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range) in the countries/regions expected to have the highest number of incident cases. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control.
Figure 4: Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset (light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range) in the countries/regions expected to have the highest number of incident cases. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Figure 5: Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range) in all countries/regions modelled. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control.
Figure 6: Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset (light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range) in all countries/regions modelled. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Country/Region | Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | Expected change in daily cases | Effective reproduction no. | Doubling time (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 78 – 620 | Increasing | 1.3 – 3.6 | 2.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Austria | 89 – 738 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.2 | 2 – Cases decreasing |
| Bahrain | 4 – 70 | Likely increasing | 0.8 – 1.8 | 0.25 – Cases decreasing |
| Belgium | 183 – 1276 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.5 | 1.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Brazil | 94 – 657 | Increasing | 1.4 – 3.9 | 0.31 – Cases decreasing |
| Canada | 78 – 452 | Increasing | 1.4 – 2.8 | 2 – Cases decreasing |
| China | 32 – 170 | Increasing | 1.2 – 2.1 | 3 – Cases decreasing |
| China Excluding Hubei | 5 – 71 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.2 | 2.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Czechia | 22 – 209 | Increasing | 1 – 2.2 | 0.37 – Cases decreasing |
| Denmark | 19 – 181 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.3 | 0.31 – Cases decreasing |
| Estonia | 6 – 80 | Unsure | 0.6 – 1.4 | 0.18 – Cases decreasing |
| Finland | 20 – 182 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 1.9 | 0.28 – Cases decreasing |
| France | 458 – 3680 | Increasing | 1 – 2 | 2.7 – Cases decreasing |
| Germany | 1537 – 5664 | Increasing | 1.8 – 3.6 | 2 – Cases decreasing |
| Greece | 10 – 98 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.5 | 0.34 – Cases decreasing |
| Hong Kong | 2 – 44 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 2.9 | 0.24 – Cases decreasing |
| Hubei | 2 – 49 | Decreasing | 0.1 – 0.4 | 5.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Iceland | 20 – 179 | Increasing | 1 – 2.6 | 0.27 – Cases decreasing |
| Iran | 280 – 1809 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.2 | 4.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Ireland | 27 – 247 | Increasing | 1 – 2.6 | 0.28 – Cases decreasing |
| Israel | 59 – 430 | Increasing | 1.1 – 3.1 | 2.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Italy | 1454 – 12957 | Increasing | 1 – 1.8 | 3.8 – Cases decreasing |
| Japan | 14 – 117 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 1.5 | 3.4 – Cases decreasing |
| Malaysia | 66 – 326 | Increasing | 1.2 – 2.4 | 1.9 – Cases decreasing |
| Netherlands | 179 – 1388 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.4 | 2.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Norway | 45 – 384 | Unsure | 0.8 – 1.5 | 2.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Pakistan | 11 – 99 | Increasing | 1 – 2.8 | 0.18 – Cases decreasing |
| Philippines | 27 – 216 | Increasing | 1 – 2.6 | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Poland | 32 – 281 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.8 | 0.29 – Cases decreasing |
| Portugal | 88 – 635 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.9 | 0.23 – Cases decreasing |
| Qatar | 2 – 46 | Decreasing | 0.3 – 0.7 | 0.18 – Cases decreasing |
| Romania | 18 – 167 | Increasing | 0.9 – 2.3 | 0.24 – Cases decreasing |
| Singapore | 19 – 94 | Increasing | 1.2 – 2.2 | 3.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Slovenia | 10 – 119 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.6 | 0.24 – Cases decreasing |
| South Korea | 36 – 194 | Likely increasing | 1 – 1.6 | 3.9 – Cases decreasing |
| Spain | 1258 – 9458 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.3 | 2.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Sweden | 38 – 272 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 1.5 | 2.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Switzerland | 348 – 2440 | Increasing | 1.2 – 2.5 | 2.2 – Cases decreasing |
| United Kingdom | 262 – 2086 | Increasing | 1.1 – 2.6 | 2.3 – Cases decreasing |
| United States | 1564 – 12204 | Increasing | 1.7 – 4.8 | 1.6 – 750 |
Table 1: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the effective reproduction number, and the doubling time in each country/region included in the analysis. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95\% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.